Keppel Ltd.

KEP1.F · Industrials · Conglomerates · Valued as of 2026-11-03 · Statements 2025-12-31

How Each Value Is Built

The screener's three formulas on the reported figures. Each card reads the same way: the value as a sum of numbered terms, each term's calculation opened under it, from the reported figures to the value. The list ranks companies by their plain average over the market cap.

What it is worth

EPV + Growth

2.00B USD

what the normal year's earnings are worth for ever, plus growth that pays

Profit

10.16B USD

15 years of cash the shareholders can take out, and the equity left at year 15

FCFF

8.72B USD

15 years of cash for shareholders and lenders, less what is owed

Average Intrinsic Value

6.96B USD

The plain average of EPV, Profit and FCFF

Against the price

Market Cap

15.20B USD

the price on the date above times the shares

Intrinsic Value ÷ Market Cap

0.46×

the ratio the screener ranks by

Margin of Safety

-118.4%

1 − Market Cap / Average Intrinsic Value

Projections, not exact values. Intrinsic Values are projected from each company's past reports. They show which stocks look cheap compared with the others, not exactly what a stock is worth.

Earnings power value plus growth: 2.00B USD
What the normal year's operating profit after tax is worth if it lasts for ever, plus what the new investment adds beyond its cost, less the net debt that comes before the shareholders (or plus the net cash).
①EPV (earnings power value)9.87B USD
−②Net Debt Today7.87B USD
+③Growth Value0 USD
=Value2.00B USD

EPV of the Operations (NOPAT over WACC)

9.87B USD

Net debt today

-7.87B USD

Growth Value

0 USD

Value

2.00B USD

①EPV (earnings power value)

9.87B USD

②Net Debt Today

7.87B USD

③Growth Value

0 USD

Market value

Market Cap15.20B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-660.7%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

Profit value: today's value of the shareholders' equity, from the cash it can pay them (FCFE): 10.16B USD
Fifteen years of free cash flow to equity (FCFE), each brought to today at the cost of equity, plus the equity at year 15 brought to today.
①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFE6.00B USD
+②Equity at Year 15, Today4.16B USD
=Value10.16B USD
FCFE: the net income left for the shareholders once the business keeps what next year's growth needsEquity reinvestment: the part of the year's net income kept in the business to grow the next year; below zero, capital the business releases to the shareholdersPresent value of the FCFEColoured bars show the FCFE, grey bars the equity reinvestment. With a positive equity reinvestment the two stacked are the year's normalized income; with a negative one the grey is below zero, capital the business releases, and the normalized income is the FCFE plus that negative amount. Shaded, years 6 to 10: the growth falling to its long-run rate and the ROE on new investment falling to the cost of equity. Axes linear.

①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFE

6.00B USD

②Equity at Year 15, Today

4.16B USD

Market value

Market Cap15.20B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-49.6%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

FCFF value: today's value of the shareholders' equity, from the cash the firm can pay its shareholders and lenders (FCFF): 8.72B USD
Fifteen years of free cash flow to the firm (FCFF), each brought to today at the WACC, plus the invested capital at year 15 brought to today, less the net debt today (or plus the net cash).

The projection was not made (an FCFF at or below zero in the latest three years), so the value is the book value today, 8.72B USD, as the screener leaves it.

①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFF

Not in the value

②Invested Capital at Year 15, Today

Not in the value

③Net Debt Today

Not in the value

Market value

Market Cap15.20B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-74.3%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

The Rates and the Capital the Values Read

The WACC and the cost of equity each value is discounted at, the book value and the net debt each starts from, and the seven quality metrics, from the same run.

WACC: 5.84%
Cost of Equity =Risk-Free Rate 4.50%+Beta 0.52×Market Risk Premium 6.00%= 7.61%

The yearly return the shareholders require for the risk they carry; it is the rate that brings their future cash to today.

Tax Rate for WACC =Tax Provision 238.33M USDPretax Income 1.03B USD= 23.21%

The tax the interest saves.

Interest Expense =EBIT 1,355.13M USD−Pretax Income 1,027.03M USD= 328.09M USD

The interest the company paid: EBIT is the profit before tax plus the interest.

Cost of Debt =Interest Expense 328.09M USDTotal Debt 8.92B USD×(1 − Tax Rate for WACC 23.21%)= 2.83%

What the lenders are paid a year after the tax the interest saves.

Debt Weight =Total Debt 8.92B USDMarket Cap + Total Debt 15.20B USD + 8.92B USD= 36.97%

The part of the capital the lenders put in, at market value.

WACC =Equity Weight 63.03%×Cost of Equity 7.61%+Debt Weight 36.97%×Cost of Debt 2.83%= 5.84%

Weighted average cost of capital: the yearly return the shareholders and the lenders together require, weighted by what each puts in; the rate that brings the firm's future cash to today.

Book value and net debt today
Both from the balance sheet of the newest quarter, 2025-12-31.

Total Assets 21.12B USD − Total Liabilities 12.40B USD = Book Value Today 8.72B USD

Total Debt 8.92B USD − Cash and Short-Term Investments 1.04B USD = Net Debt Today 7.87B USD

The book value is what Profit starts from and what stands when a projection is not made; the book value plus the net debt is what FCFF starts from; the net debt comes off Greenwald's and FCFF's values before the shareholders.

Quality metrics
Read beside the value, never a condition for it: every company is valued, and a filter in the list is the reader's choice.
MetricFrom
Share dilutionShares Today ÷ Shares Two Years Back − 12.2%at most 5%passes1,801,659,827 / 1,762,294,166
Accrual quality(Operating Cash Flow − Net Income) ÷ Total Assets-0.5%at least -10.0%passes(515.78M USD − 623.81M USD) ÷ 21.12B USD
Price to bookMarket Cap ÷ Book Value Today1.74×at most 3×passes15.20B USD ÷ 8.72B USD
Operating marginOperating Income ÷ Revenue18.8%above 10.0%passes875.18M USD ÷ 4.66B USD
Revenue growthRevenue ÷ Revenue a Year Before − 19.5%above 10.0%does not pass4.66B USD / 4.26B USD
Net cash(Cash − Total Debt) ÷ Market Cap-52.4%above -30%does not pass(956.98M USD − 8.92B USD) ÷ 15.20B USD
Operating efficiencyOperating Income ÷ Gross Profit64.3%above 25.0%passes875.18M USD ÷ 1.36B USD

Market Data

The provider's ratios and the analysts' consensus beside the argument; none of them enters a value.

Share price

7.57 EUR

Enterprise value

23.61B EUR

the provider's own figure

EV / EBITDA

24.41×

Price / book

1.96×

the provider's book

Price / earnings

25.21×

Return on equity

7.1%

the provider's figure, not this page's

Profit margin

8.6%

Revenue growth

24.6%

Analyst target, mean

—

Analysts

—

opinions in the consensus

Financial Statements

The annual lines the screener holds, year by year, in USD at each period's rate; the figures this valuation read are in its calculation above.

USD2022202320242025
Income statement

Revenue

4.93B5.28B4.26B4.66B

Gross profit

1.08B1.49B1.09B1.36B

Operating income

421.11M900.28M843.68M875.18M

EBITDA

operating income before depreciation and amortisation

1.11B1.34B1.22B1.55B

Pretax income

815.75M920.42M769.13M1.03B

Net income

699.03M3.09B700.87M623.81M

Normalized income

net income without one-off items, as the data provider prints it; Profit's line when printed

608.39M635.30M547.64M810.04M

R&D

————
Balance sheet, year end

Total assets

23.15B20.36B20.37B21.12B

Total liabilities

14.27B12.00B11.95B12.40B

Shareholders' equity

the equity the parent's shareholders own, as printed, without minority interest; the book value the values read is total assets less total liabilities, in Book Value and Net Debt above

8.63B8.12B8.22B8.47B

Total debt

7.73B8.45B8.89B8.92B

Cash and equivalents

765.50M742.49M676.71M956.98M

Net PP&E

fixed assets after depreciation

907.37M846.34M3.28B3.00B

Working capital

current assets less current liabilities

2.60B172.11M1.36B1.55B
Cash flow

Operating cash flow

193.41M44.32M147.54M515.78M

Capital expenditure

paid out, so below zero

-518.72M-698.60M-450.26M-400.65M

Depreciation and amortisation

180.27M167.95M152.82M190.48M

Free cash flow

operating cash flow plus capital expenditure

-325.31M-654.28M-302.73M115.13M