AI.PA
L'Air Liquide S.A.

Basic Materials · Specialty Chemicals · valued as of 2026-11-03 · statements 2025-12-31

Average Intrinsic Value

$49.89B

Market Cap

$121.79B

Margin of Safety

-144.1%

Intrinsic / Market Ratio

0.41

Projections, not exact values. Intrinsic Values are projected from each company's past reports. They show which stocks look cheap compared with the others, not exactly what a stock is worth.

How Each Value Is Built

The screener's three formulas on the reported figures. Each card reads the same way: the value as a sum of numbered terms, each term's calculation opened under it, from the reported figures to the value. The list ranks companies by their plain average over the market cap.

EPV + Growth

52.02B USD

what the normal year's earnings are worth for ever, plus growth that pays

Profit

50.28B USD

15 years of cash the shareholders can take out, and the equity left at year 15

FCFF

47.35B USD

15 years of cash for shareholders and lenders, less what is owed

Intrinsic Value

49.89B USD

the plain average of the three, uncapped, as the screener averages them

Intrinsic Value

49.89B USD

from the sum above

Market Cap

121.79B USD

the price on the date above times the shares

Intrinsic Value ÷ Market Cap

0.41×

the ratio the screener ranks by; Margin of Safety -144.1% (1 − Market Cap ÷ Intrinsic Value)

Each card below builds one of the three values from the reported years.

Earnings power value plus growth: 52.02B USD
What the normal year's operating profit after tax is worth if it lasts for ever, plus what the new investment adds beyond its cost, less the net debt that comes before the shareholders (or plus the net cash).
①EPV (earnings power value)58.64B USD
−②Net Debt Today11.72B USD
+③Growth Value5.10B USD
=Value52.02B USD

EPV of the Operations (NOPAT over WACC)

58.64B USD

Net debt today

-11.72B USD

Growth Value

+5.10B USD

Value

52.02B USD

①EPV (earnings power value)

58.64B USD

②Net Debt Today

11.72B USD

③Growth Value

5.10B USD

Market value

Market Cap121.79B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-134.1%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

Profit value: today's value of the shareholders' equity, from the cash it can pay them (FCFE): 50.28B USD
Fifteen years of free cash flow to equity (FCFE), each brought to today at the cost of equity, plus the equity at year 15 brought to today.
①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFE31.70B USD
+②Equity at Year 15, Today18.59B USD
=Value50.28B USD
FCFE: the net income left for the shareholders once the business keeps what next year's growth needsEquity reinvestment: the part of the year's net income kept in the business to grow the next year; below zero, capital the business releases to the shareholdersPresent value of the FCFEColoured bars show the FCFE, grey bars the equity reinvestment. With a positive equity reinvestment the two stacked are the year's normalized income; with a negative one the grey is below zero, capital the business releases, and the normalized income is the FCFE plus that negative amount. Shaded, years 6 to 10: the growth falling to its long-run rate and the ROE on new investment falling to the cost of equity. Axes linear.

①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFE

31.70B USD

②Equity at Year 15, Today

18.59B USD

Market value

Market Cap121.79B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-142.2%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

FCFF value: today's value of the shareholders' equity, from the cash the firm can pay its shareholders and lenders (FCFF): 47.35B USD
Fifteen years of free cash flow to the firm (FCFF), each brought to today at the WACC, plus the invested capital at year 15 brought to today, less the net debt today (or plus the net cash).
①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFF35.59B USD
+②Invested Capital at Year 15, Today23.47B USD
−③Net Debt Today11.72B USD
=Value47.35B USD
FCFF: the NOPAT left for the shareholders and the lenders once the business reinvests what next year's growth needsReinvestment: the part of the year's NOPAT put back into the business to grow the next year; below zero, capital the business releasesPresent value of the FCFFColoured bars show the FCFF, grey bars the reinvestment. With a positive reinvestment the two stacked are the year's NOPAT; with a negative one the grey is below zero, capital the business releases, and the NOPAT is the FCFF plus that negative amount. Shaded, years 6 to 10: the growth falling to its long-run rate and the ROIC on new investment falling to the WACC. Axes linear.

①Present Value of the 15 Years of FCFF

35.59B USD

②Invested Capital at Year 15, Today

23.47B USD

③Net Debt Today

11.72B USD

Market value

Market Cap121.79B USD

The price on the date above times the shares.

Value vs market

Margin of Safety-157.2%

1 minus the market cap as a share of the value.

The Rates and the Capital the Values Read

The WACC and the cost of equity each value is discounted at, the book value and the net debt each starts from, and the seven quality metrics, from the same run.

WACC: 7.45%
Cost of Equity =Risk-Free Rate 4.50%+Beta 0.64×Market Risk Premium 6.00%= 8.36%

The yearly return the shareholders require for the risk they carry; it is the rate that brings their future cash to today.

Tax Rate for WACC =Tax Provision 1.45B USDPretax Income 5.74B USD= 25.20%

The tax the interest saves.

Interest Expense =EBIT 5.84B USD−Pretax Income 5.74B USD= 97.25M USD

The interest the company paid: EBIT is the profit before tax plus the interest.

Cost of Debt =Interest Expense 97.25M USDTotal Debt 15.99B USD×(1 − Tax Rate for WACC 25.20%)= 0.45%

What the lenders are paid a year after the tax the interest saves.

Debt Weight =Total Debt 15.99B USDMarket Cap + Total Debt 121.79B USD + 15.99B USD= 11.60%

The part of the capital the lenders put in, at market value.

WACC =Equity Weight 88.40%×Cost of Equity 8.36%+Debt Weight 11.60%×Cost of Debt 0.45%= 7.45%

Weighted average cost of capital: the yearly return the shareholders and the lenders together require, weighted by what each puts in; the rate that brings the firm's future cash to today.

Book value and net debt today
Both from the balance sheet of the newest quarter, 2025-12-31.

Total Assets 61.05B USD − Total Liabilities 29.36B USD = Book Value Today 31.69B USD

Total Debt 15.99B USD − Cash and Short-Term Investments 4.27B USD = Net Debt Today 11.72B USD

The book value is what Profit starts from and what stands when a projection is not made; the book value plus the net debt is what FCFF starts from; the net debt comes off Greenwald's and FCFF's values before the shareholders.

Quality metrics
Read beside the value, never a condition for it: every company is valued, and a filter in the list is the reader's choice.
MetricFrom
Share dilutionShares Today ÷ Shares Two Years Back − 10.4%at most 5%passes635,735,026 / 633,015,231
Accrual quality(Operating Cash Flow − Net Income) ÷ Total Assets5.8%at least -10.0%passes(7.67B USD − 4.14B USD) ÷ 61.05B USD
Price to bookMarket Cap ÷ Book Value Today3.84×at most 3×does not pass121.79B USD ÷ 31.69B USD
Operating marginOperating Income ÷ Revenue19.4%above 10.0%passes6.16B USD ÷ 31.68B USD
Revenue growthRevenue ÷ Revenue a Year Before − 112.4%above 10.0%passes31.68B USD / 28.18B USD
Net cash(Cash − Total Debt) ÷ Market Cap-9.6%above -30%passes(4.27B USD − 15.99B USD) ÷ 121.79B USD
Operating efficiencyOperating Income ÷ Gross Profit30.3%above 25.0%passes6.16B USD ÷ 20.33B USD

Market Data

The provider's ratios and the analysts' consensus beside the argument; none of them enters a value.

Share price

170.33 EUR

Enterprise value

122.00B EUR

the provider's own figure

EV / EBITDA

15.98×

Price / book

4.08×

the provider's book

Price / earnings

30.60×

Return on equity

14.0%

the provider's, not the engine's

Profit margin

13.1%

Revenue growth

0.8%

Analyst target, mean

196.52 EUR

Analysts

20

opinions in the consensus

Financial Statements

The income statement, the balance sheet and the cash flow the screener holds, year by year, in USD.

The annual lines the screener holds today, in USD at each period's rate; the figures this valuation read are in its calculation above.
USD2022202320242025
Income statement

Revenue

31.94B30.59B28.18B31.68B

Gross profit

17.20B18.24B17.76B20.33B

Operating income

5.19B5.61B5.37B6.16B

EBITDA

operating income before depreciation and amortisation

6.85B7.43B7.41B8.85B

Pretax income

4.17B4.60B4.72B5.74B

Net income

2.94B3.41B3.44B4.14B

Normalized income

net income without one-off items, as the data provider prints it; Profit's line when printed

3.40B3.83B3.61B4.10B

R&D

————
Balance sheet, year end

Total assets

52.84B53.55B54.03B61.05B

Total liabilities

26.62B25.80B25.26B29.36B

Shareholders' equity

the equity the parent's shareholders own, as printed, without minority interest; the book value the values read is total assets less total liabilities, in Book Value and Net Debt above

25.33B26.95B27.98B30.83B

Total debt

14.27B13.34B12.91B15.99B

Cash and equivalents

1.87B1.80B2.00B4.27B

Net PP&E

fixed assets after depreciation

25.23B26.20B26.60B29.29B

Working capital

current assets less current liabilities

-702.18M-1.25B-1.18B1.80B
Cash flow

Operating cash flow

6.20B6.94B6.59B7.67B

Capital expenditure

paid out, so below zero

-3.49B-3.76B-3.67B-4.52B

Depreciation and amortisation

2.63B2.75B2.61B3.01B

Free cash flow

operating cash flow plus capital expenditure

2.71B3.18B2.91B3.15B